IBM® SPSS® Amos™ 28

Let x be the vector of exogenous variables, and y the vector of endogenous variables. Expressing the model in the form y = By + Ax:

▪The direct effects of y on y are given by B.

▪The direct effects of x on y are given by A.

▪The total effects of y on y are given by (I - B)-1 - I.

▪The total effects of x on y are given by (I - B)-1A.

▪The indirect effects of y on y are given by (I - B)-1 - I - B.

▪The indirect effects of x on y are given by (I - B)-1A - A.

See Fox (1980) for a discussion of direct, indirect and total effects.