IBM® SPSS® Amos™ 28

is an estimate of the noncentrality parameter, .

The columns labeled LO 90 and HI 90 contain the lower limit () and upper limit () of a 90% confidence interval for . is obtained by solving

for , and is obtained by solving

for , where is the distribution function of the noncentral chi-squared distribution with noncentrality parameter and d degrees of freedom.

Use the \ncp text macro to display NCP on a path diagram. Use \ncplo and \ncphi to display the lower and upper limits of the 90% confidence interval.